2019年1月17日雅思考試閱讀回憶（版本合集！）

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Passage 1

文章題材：說明文(自然科普)

文章題目：遺忘的森林

文章難度：★★

文章內(nèi)容：文章介紹了長葉松森林在美國面臨著即將消失的嚴峻形勢，林火對長葉松林的重要作用，以及研究人員如何利用林火和提高人們對其重要性的認識來保護長葉松森林。

題型及數(shù)量：9填空題+4判斷題

題目及答案：

1. Nests

2. Tortoises

3. Oaks

4. Native Americans

5. prescribed burns

6. shrubs

7. soil

8. ants

9. eggs

10. TRUE

11. FALSE

12. NOT GIVEN

13. TRUE

可參考真題：C5T4P2：Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass

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考試原文：

The Forgotten Forest被遺忘的森林

Found only in the Deep South of America, long leaf pine woodlands have dwindled to about 3 percent of their former range, but new efforts are under way to restore them.

長葉松林只在美國南部的深處發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)減少到原來的3%，但新的努力正在進行中，以恢復(fù)它們。

THE BEAUTY AND THE BIODIVERSITY of the longleaf pine forest are well-kept secrets, even in its native South. Yet it is among the richest ecosystems in North America, rivaling tall grass prairies and the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest in the number of species it shelters. And like those two other disappearing wildlife habitats, longleaf is also critically endangered.

長葉松林的美麗和生物多樣性一直是保存完好的秘密，即使在它的原產(chǎn)地南方也是如此。然而，它是北美最豐富的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之一，在物種數(shù)量上可與太平洋西北部的大草原和古老森林相媲美。和其他兩個正在消失的野生動物棲息地一樣，長葉也是極度瀕危物種。

In longleaf pine forests, trees grow widely scattered, creating an open, park like environment, more like a savanna than a forest. The trees are not so dense as to block the sun. This openness creates a forest floor that is among the most diverse in the world, where plants such as many-flowered grass pinks, trumpet pitcher plants, Venus flytraps, lavender ladies and pineland bog-buttons grow. As many as 50 different species of wild flowers, shrubs, grasses and ferns have been cataloged in just a single square meter.

在長葉松林中，樹木生長廣泛分散，創(chuàng)造了一個開放的、類似公園的環(huán)境，更像是熱帶稀樹草原而不是森林。樹的密度沒有大到擋住太陽。這種開放創(chuàng)造了一個世界上最多樣化的森林地面，植物如多花的草粉，喇叭豬籠草，維納斯捕蠅草，薰衣草女士和松原沼澤鈕扣生長。僅在一平方米的土地上就記錄了多達50種不同種類的野花、灌木、草和蕨類植物。

Once, nearly 92 million acres of longleaf forest flourished from Virginia to Texas, the only place in the world where it is found. By the turn of the 21st century, however, virtually all of it had been logged, paved or farmed into oblivion. Only about 3 percent of the original range still supports longleaf forest, and only about 10,000 acres of that is uncut old-growth-the rest is forest that has regrown after cutting. An estimated 100,000 of those acres are still vanishing every year. However, a quiet movement to reverse this trend is rippling across the region. Governments, private or ganisations (including NWF) and individual conservationists are looking for ways to protect and preserve the remaining longleaf and to plant new forests for future generations.

曾經(jīng)，從弗吉尼亞到德克薩斯州，將近9200萬英畝的長葉林曾經(jīng)繁茂生長，這是世界上唯一發(fā)現(xiàn)這種植物的地方。然而，到了21世紀初，幾乎所有的森林都被砍伐、鋪砌或耕種而被遺忘。只有約3%的原始森林仍然保持著長葉林的生長，其中只有約1萬英畝是原始森林，其余的是砍伐后重新生長的森林。據(jù)估計，每年仍有10萬英畝的土地在消失。然而，一場旨在逆轉(zhuǎn)這一趨勢的平靜運動正在該地區(qū)掀起波瀾。政府、私人或組織(包括NWF)和個人自然資源保護者正在尋找保護和保護剩余長葉植物的方法，并為后代種植新的森林。

Figuring out how to bring back the piney woods also will allow biologists to help the plants and animals that depend on this habitat. Nearly two-thirds of the declining, threatened or endangered species in the southeastern United States are associated with longleaf. The outright destruction of longleaf is only part of their story, says Mark Danaher, the biologist for South Carolina’s Francis Marion National Forest. He says the demise of these animals and plants also is tied to a lack of fire, which once swept through the southern forests on a regular basis.” Fire is absolutely critical for this ecosystem and for the species that depend on it,” says Danaher.

弄清楚如何恢復(fù)松樹林也將使生物學(xué)家能夠幫助依賴這一棲息地的動植物。在美國東南部正在減少的、受到威脅的或瀕危的物種中，近三分之二與長葉植物有關(guān)。南卡羅萊納弗朗西斯馬里恩國家森林的生物學(xué)家馬克·達納赫說，對長葉樹木的徹底破壞只是他們故事的一部分。他說，這些動植物的死亡還與缺乏火災(zāi)有關(guān)?；馂?zāi)曾經(jīng)定期橫掃南部森林。Danaher說:“對于這個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和依賴它的物種來說，火絕對是至關(guān)重要的。”

Name just about any species that occurs in longleaf and you can find a connection to fire. Bach-man’s sparrow is a secretive bird with a beautiful song that echoes across the longleaf flat woods. It tucks its nest on the ground beneath clumps of wiregrass and little bluestem in the open under story, But once fire has been absent for several years, and a tangle of shrubs starts to grow, the sparrows disappear. Gopher tortoises, the only native land tortoises east of the Mississippi, are also abundant in longleaf. A keystone species for these forests, its burrows provide homes and safety to more than 300 species of vertebrates and invertebrates ranging from eastern diamondback rattlesnakes to gopher frogs, If fire is suppressed, however, the tortoises are choked out.” If we lose fire,” says Bob Mitchell, an ecologist at the Jones Center, ”we lose wildlife.”

說出幾乎所有長葉植物的名字，你就能發(fā)現(xiàn)它們和火有關(guān)。巴赫曼的麻雀是一種神秘的鳥，有著美妙的歌聲，回蕩在長葉平坦的樹林中。它把巢埋在地上，埋在一叢叢的鐵絲草和矮樹下的小青石下面，但是一旦火消失了好幾年，一叢灌木開始生長，麻雀就消失了。地鼠陸龜是密西西比河?xùn)|部唯一的本土陸龜，長葉陸龜也很豐富。作為這些森林的關(guān)鍵物種，它的洞穴為300多種脊椎動物和無脊椎動物提供了家園和安全，從東部菱形背響尾蛇到地鼠蛙，但如果火被撲滅，烏龜就會窒息而死?！叭绻覀兪チ嘶?，”Jones中心的生態(tài)學(xué)家Bob Mitchell說，“我們就失去了野生動物。”

Without fire, we also lose longleaf. Fire knocks back the oaks and other woods that can grow up to overwhelm longleaf forests. They are fire forests,” Mitchell says: They evolved in the lightning capital of the eastern United States.” And it wasn’t only lightning strikes that set the forest aflame.” Native Americans also lit fires to keep the forest open,” Mitchell says.” So did the early pioneers. They helped create the longleaf pine forests that we know today.”

沒有火，我們也失去了長葉。大火將橡樹和其他可以生長的森林夷為平地。它們是火森林，”米切爾說:“它們是在美國東部閃電之都進化而來的。不僅是閃電把森林點燃了。米切爾說:“印第安人還生火來保持森林的開放。早期的拓荒者也是如此。他們幫助創(chuàng)造了我們今天所知道的長葉松林。

Fire also changes how nutrients flow throughout longleaf ecosystems, in ways we are just beginning to understand. For example, researchers have discovered that frequent fires provide extra calcium, which is critical for egg production, to endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers. Frances James, a retired avian ecologist from Florida State University, has studied these small black-and-white birds for more than two decades in Florida’s sprawling Apalachicola National Forest. When she realised female woodpeckers laid larger clutches in the first breeding season after their territories were burned, she and her colleagues went searching for answers.” We learned calcium is stashed away in woody shrubs when the forest is not burned,” James says. “But when there is a fire, a pulse of calcium moves down into the soil and up into the long leaf.” Eventually, this calcium makes its way up the food chain to a tree-dwelling species of ant, which is the red-cockaded’s favorite food. The result: more calcium for the birds, which leads to more eggs, more young and more woodpeckers.

火還改變了營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)在長葉生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的流動方式，這種方式我們才剛剛開始了解。例如，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，頻繁的火災(zāi)為瀕危的紅冠啄木鳥提供了額外的鈣，而鈣對產(chǎn)蛋至關(guān)重要。弗朗西斯·詹姆斯(Frances James)是佛羅里達州立大學(xué)(Florida State University)退休的鳥類生態(tài)學(xué)家，20多年來，她一直在佛羅里達州廣闊的阿巴拉契科拉國家森林(Apalachicola National Forest)研究這種黑白相間的小型鳥類。當(dāng)她意識到雌性啄木鳥在它們的領(lǐng)地被燒毀后的第一個繁殖期產(chǎn)下了更大的爪子時，她和同事們開始尋找答案?！拔覀兞私獾?，當(dāng)森林沒有被燒毀時，鈣會被儲存在木本灌木中，”詹姆斯說?！暗?dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)時，一股鈣脈沖向下進入土壤，向上進入長葉?！弊罱K，這些鈣通過食物鏈進入一種棲息在樹上的螞蟻，這是紅冠螞蟻最喜歡的食物。結(jié)果是:鳥類得到了更多的鈣，這就導(dǎo)致了更多的鳥蛋、更多的幼鳥和更多的啄木鳥。

Today, fire is used as a vital management tool for preserving both longleaf and its wildlife. Most of these fires are prescribed burns, deliberately set with a drip torch. Although the public often opposes any type of fire-and the smoke that goes with it-these frequent, low-intensity burns reduce the risk of catastrophic conflagrations.” Forests are going to burn,” says Amadou Diop, NWF’s southern forests restoration manager.” It’s just a question of when. With prescribed burns, we can pick the time and the place.”

今天，火被用來作為一種重要的管理工具來保護長葉和它的野生動物。這些火大多數(shù)是規(guī)定的燃燒，故意用滴管點燃。盡管公眾經(jīng)常反對任何類型的火災(zāi)，以及伴隨火災(zāi)而來的煙霧，但這些頻繁的、低強度的火災(zāi)減少了災(zāi)難性火災(zāi)的風(fēng)險?！吧謱⒈粺龤?，”NWF南方森林恢復(fù)經(jīng)理Amadou Diop說?！斑@只是時間問題?！庇辛艘?guī)定的燒傷，我們可以選擇時間和地點。

Diop is spearheading a new NWF effort to restore longleaf.” It’s a species we need to go back to, he says. Educating landowners about the advantages of growing longleaf is part of the program, he adds, which will soon be under way in nine southern states.” Right now, most longleaf is on public land,” says Jerry McCollum, president of the Georgia Wildlife Federation.” Private land is where we need to work,” he adds, pointing out that more than 90 percent of the acreage within the historic range of longleaf falls under this category.

Diop是NWF恢復(fù)longleaf的先鋒。他說:“這是一個我們需要回歸的物種。他補充說，教育土地所有者種植長葉植物的好處是該項目的一部分，該項目很快將在美國南部的9個州實施?！艾F(xiàn)在，大部分的長葉是在公共土地上，”喬治亞野生動物聯(lián)合會主席Jerry McCollum說。“我們需要在私人土地上工作，”他補充說。他指出，在歷史悠久的朗利夫地區(qū)，90%以上的土地都屬于這一類。

Interest among private landowners is growing throughout the South, but restoring longleaf is not an easy task. The herbaceous layer-the understory of wiregrasses and other plants-also needs to be re-created. In areas where the land has not been chewed up by farming, but con-verted to loblolly or slash pine plantations, the seed bank of the longleaf forest usually remains viable beneath the soil. In time, this original vegetation can be coaxed back. Where agriculture has destroyed the seeds, however, wiregrass must be replanted. Right now, the expense is prohibitive, but researchers are searching for low-cost solutions.

在整個南方，私人土地所有者的興趣正在增長，但恢復(fù)longleaf并非易事。草本層——鐵絲草和其他植物的下層——也需要重建。在那些土地沒有被耕種所侵蝕，而是變成了長葉林或松林的地區(qū)，長葉林的種子庫通常在土壤下仍能存活。隨著時間的推移，這些原始植被可以被誘導(dǎo)回去。然而，在農(nóng)業(yè)破壞了種子的地方，必須重新種植鐵絲草。目前，費用高昂，但研究人員正在尋找低成本的解決方案。

Bringing back longleaf is not for the short-sighted, however. Few of us will be alive when the pines being planted today become mature forests in 70 to 80 years. But that is not stopping longleaf enthusiasts,” Today, it’s getting hard to find longleaf seedlings to buy,” one of the private landowners says.” Everyone wants them. Longleaf is in a resurgence.”

然而，長葉公司的回歸并不適合目光短淺的人。當(dāng)今天種植的松樹在70到80年后變成成熟的森林時，我們當(dāng)中很少有人還活著。但這并沒有阻止長葉愛好者，“今天，很難找到長葉幼苗來購買，”一位私人土地所有者說?！懊總€人都想要。”Longleaf正在復(fù)蘇。

Passage 2

文章題材：說明文

文章題目：計算方式

文章難度：★★

文章內(nèi)容：待補充

題型及數(shù)量：待補充

題目及答案：待補充

可參考真題：C12T5P3：What’s the purpose of gaining knowledge?

Passage 3

文章題材：說明文(社科研究)

文章題目：What do babies know?(嬰兒知道什么?)

文章難度：★★★

文章內(nèi)容：本文討論了兒童認知的問題，作者論述了一系列研究來討論兒童認知。

題型及數(shù)量：6判斷題+5配對題+3選擇題

題目及答案：

27. TRUE

28. NOT GIVEN

29. FALSE

30. NOT GIVEN

31. TRUE

32. FALSE

33. B

34. E

35. A

36. D

37. C

38. B

39. A

40. D

可參考真題：C10T2P2：Gifted children and learning

考試原文：

What Do Babies Know? 嬰兒知道什么?

A As Daniel Haworth is settled into a high chair and wheeled behind a black screen, a sudden look of worry furrows his 9-month-old brow. His dark blue eyes dart left and right in search of the familiar reassurance of his mother's face. She calls his name and makes soothing noises, but Daniel senses something unusual is happening. He sucks his fingers for comfort, but, finding no solace, his month crumples, his body stiffens, and he lets rip an almighty shriek of distress. This is the usual expression when babies are left alone or abandoned. Mom picks him up, reassures him, and two minutes later, a chortling and alert Daniel returns to the darkened booth behind the screen and submits himself to baby lab, a unit set up in 2005 at the University of Manchester in northwest England to investigate how babies think.

當(dāng)?shù)つ釥枴せ粑炙?Daniel Haworth)坐在一張高椅子上，在黑色屏幕后面轉(zhuǎn)動時，他9個月大的額頭上突然出現(xiàn)了擔(dān)憂的表情。他那雙深藍色的眼睛左顧右盼，想從他母親的臉上找到熟悉的安慰。她叫著丹尼爾的名字，發(fā)出令人寬慰的聲音，但丹尼爾感覺有些不尋常的事情正在發(fā)生。他吮吸自己的手指尋求安慰，但找不到安慰，他的月垮了，他的身體僵硬，他發(fā)出了一聲巨大的痛苦的尖叫。這是嬰兒被單獨留下或被遺棄時的常用表達。媽媽抱起丹尼爾，安慰他。兩分鐘后，丹尼爾咯咯地笑著，警覺地回到屏幕后面黑暗的展臺，把自己交給嬰兒實驗室(baby lab)。

B Watching infants piece life together, seeing their senses, emotions and motor skills take shape, is a source of mystery and endless fascination-at least to parents and developmental psychologist. We can decode their signals of distress or read a million messages into their first smile. But how much do we really know about what's going on behind those wide, innocent eyes? How much of their understanding of and response to the world comes preloaded at birth? How much is built from scratch by experience? Such are the questions being explored at baby lab. Though the facility is just 18 months old and has tested only 100 infants, it's already challenging current thinking on what babies know and how they come to know it.

看著嬰兒拼湊生活，看著他們的感覺、情感和運動技能成形，是一種神秘和無盡的魅力的源泉——至少對父母和發(fā)展心理學(xué)家來說是這樣。我們可以解讀他們的悲傷信號，或者從他們的第一個微笑中讀出上百萬條信息。但我們對那雙天真的大眼睛背后究竟發(fā)生了什么究竟了解多少呢?他們對世界的理解和反應(yīng)，有多少是與生俱來的?有多少是由經(jīng)驗白手起家的?這些都是嬰兒實驗室正在探索的問題。盡管該實驗室只有18個月大，只對100名嬰兒進行了測試，但它已經(jīng)對目前關(guān)于嬰兒知道什么以及他們是如何知道這些的想法提出了挑戰(zhàn)。

C Daniel is now engrossed in watching video clips of a red toy train on a circular track. The train disappears into a tunnel and emerges on the other side. A hidden device above the screen is tracking Daniel's eyes as they follow the train and measuring the diametre of his pupils 50 times a second. As the child gets bored-or ”habituated”, as psychologists call the process-his attention level steadily drops. But it picks up a little whenever some novelty is introduced. The train might be green, or it might be blue. And sometimes an impossible thing happens-the train goes into the tunnel one color and comes out another.

丹尼爾現(xiàn)在正全神貫注地觀看圓形軌道上一列紅色玩具火車的視頻片段?；疖囅г谒淼赖牧硪贿?。屏幕上方的一個隱藏裝置正在追蹤丹尼爾的眼睛，當(dāng)他們跟隨火車時，以每秒50次的速度測量他瞳孔的直徑。當(dāng)孩子感到無聊——或者心理學(xué)家稱之為“習(xí)慣”——他的注意力水平就會穩(wěn)步下降。但每當(dāng)引入一些新奇的東西時，它就會有一點進步?；疖嚳赡苁蔷G色的，也可能是藍色的。有時不可能的事情發(fā)生了——火車一種顏色進入隧道，另一種顏色出來。

D Variations of experiments like this one, examining infant attention, have been a standard tool of developmental psychology ever since the Swiss pioneer of the field, Jean Piaget ,started experimenting on his children in the 1920s.Piaget's work led him to conclude that infants younger than 9 months have no innate knowledge of how the world works or any sense of "object permanence"(that people and things still exist even when they're not seen). Instead, babies must gradually construct this knowledge from experience. Piaget's "constructivist" theories were massively influential on postwar educators and psychologist, but over the past 20 years or so they have been largely set aside by a new generation of "nativist" psychologists and cognitive scientists whose more sophisticated experiments led them to theorise that infants arrive already equipped with some knowledge of the physical world and even rudimentary programming for math and language. Baby lab director Sylvain Sirois has been putting these smart-baby theories through a rigorous set of tests. His conclusions so far tend to be more Piagetian:“Babies" he says, "know nothing."

自從20世紀20年代，這個領(lǐng)域的瑞士先驅(qū)讓皮亞杰(Jean Piaget)開始在他的孩子身上做實驗以來，類似于這種測試嬰兒注意力的各種實驗，一直是發(fā)展心理學(xué)的標準工具。皮亞杰的研究使他得出結(jié)論:9個月以下的嬰兒對世界的運行方式?jīng)]有先天的認識，也沒有任何“物體的持久性”(即人和事物即使在看不見的情況下也仍然存在)。相反，嬰兒必須從經(jīng)驗中逐漸構(gòu)建這種知識。皮亞杰的“建構(gòu)主義”理論在戰(zhàn)后大量有影響力的教育家和心理學(xué)家,但是在過去的20年左右他們很大程度上留出了新一代的“本土主義”心理學(xué)家和認知科學(xué)家的更復(fù)雜的實驗使他們建立理論,嬰兒已經(jīng)到達配備一些知識的物理世界,甚至基本的編程數(shù)學(xué)和語言。嬰兒實驗室主任西爾萬·西羅伊斯(Sylvain Sirois)一直在對這些智能嬰兒理論進行一系列嚴格的測試。到目前為止，他的結(jié)論更傾向于皮亞杰式的:“嬰兒”他說，“什么都不知道?！?/p>

E What Sirois and his postgraduate assistant Lain Jackson are challenging is the interpretation of a variety of classic experiments begun in the mid-1980s in which babies were shown physical events that appeared to violate such basic concepts as gravity, solidity and contiguity. In one such experiment, by University of Illinois psychologist Renee Baillargeon, a hinged wooden panel appeared to pass right through a box. Baillargeon and M.I.T's Elizabeth Spelke found that babies as young as 31/2 months would reliably look longer at the impossible event than at the normal one. Their conclusion: babies have enough built-in knowledge to recognize that some-thing is wrong.

Sirois和他的研究生助理Lain Jackson所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是，如何解釋上世紀80年代中期開始的一系列經(jīng)典實驗。伊利諾伊大學(xué)(University of Illinois)心理學(xué)家蕾妮·貝拉金(Renee Baillargeon)就做過這樣一個實驗:一塊鉸鏈木板似乎正好穿過一個盒子。Baillargeon教授和M.I.T的伊麗莎白·斯皮爾克發(fā)現(xiàn)，僅31個半月大的嬰兒對不可能發(fā)生的事情的注視時間肯定比正常情況下要長。他們的結(jié)論是:嬰兒有足夠的內(nèi)在知識來認識到某些事情是錯誤的。

F Sirois does not take issue with the way these experiments were conducted. "The methods are correct and replicable," he says, "it's the interpretation that's the problem." In a critical review to be published in the forthcoming issue of the European Journal of Developmental Psychology, he and Jackson pour cold water over recent experiments that claim to have observed innate or precocious social cognition skills in infants. His own experiments indicate that a baby's fascination with physically impossible events merely reflects a response to stimuli that are novel. Data from the eye tracker and the measurement of the pupils(which widen in response to arousal or interest show that impossible events involving familiar objects are no more interesting than possible events involving novel objects. In other words, when Daniel had seen the red train come out of the tunnel green a few times, he gets as bored as when it stays the same color. The mistake of previous research, says Sirois, has been to leap to the conclusion that infants can understand the concept of impossibility from the mere fact that they are able to perceive some novelty in it. ”The real explanation is boring," he says.

Sirois并不反對這些實驗的進行方式?！斑@些方法是正確的，是可以復(fù)制的，”他說，“問題在于解釋?！痹诩磳⒊霭娴摹稓W洲發(fā)展心理學(xué)雜志》(European Journal of development Psychology)上發(fā)表的一篇評論文章中，他和杰克遜對最近聲稱觀察到嬰兒先天或早熟的社會認知技能的實驗潑了冷水。他自己的實驗表明，嬰兒對物理上不可能的事情的迷戀僅僅反映了他們對新奇刺激的反應(yīng)。來自眼動儀和瞳孔測量的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，涉及熟悉物體的不可能事件并不比涉及新奇物體的可能事件更有趣。換句話說，當(dāng)?shù)つ釥枎状慰吹郊t色的火車從隧道里出來，綠色的，他感到無聊，就像它保持相同的顏色一樣。Sirois說，以前的研究的錯誤在于得出結(jié)論，嬰兒能夠理解不可能的概念，僅僅是因為他們能夠感知其中的一些新奇之處。“真正的解釋很無聊，”他說。

G So how do babies bridge the gap between knowing squat and drawing triangles-a task Daniel's sister Lois,21/2, is happily tackling as she waits for her brother? "Babies have to learn everything, but as Piaget was saying, they start with a few primitive reflexes that get things going," said Sirois. For example, hardwired in the brain is an instinct that draws a baby's eyes to a human face. From brain imaging studies we also know that the brain has some sort of visual buffer that continues to represent objects after they have been removed-a lingering perception rather than conceptual understanding. So when babies encounter novel or unexpected events, Sirois explains, "there's a mismatch between the buffer and the information they're getting at that moment. And what you do when you've got a mismatch is you try to clear the buffer. And that takes attention." So learning, says Sirois, is essentially the laborious business of resolving mismatches. "The thing is, you can do a lot of it with this wet sticky thing called a brain. It's a fantastic, statistical-learning machine". Daniel, exams ended, picks up a plastic tiger and, chewing thoughtfully upon its heat, smiles as if to agree.

那么，寶寶們是如何在知道蹲姿和畫三角形之間架起一座橋梁的呢?丹尼爾21歲半的妹妹露易絲在等哥哥的時候正在開心地做這個任務(wù)。Sirois說:“嬰兒必須學(xué)習(xí)所有的東西，但就像皮亞杰所說的，他們從一些原始的反射開始，這些反射使事情得以進行。”例如，大腦中固有的一種本能會將嬰兒的眼睛吸引到人臉上。從腦成像研究中我們還知道，大腦有某種視覺緩沖，在物體被移除后，這種緩沖還能繼續(xù)代表物體——一種揮之不去的感知，而不是概念上的理解。因此，當(dāng)嬰兒遇到新奇或意想不到的事件時，Sirois解釋說，“在緩沖和他們當(dāng)時獲得的信息之間存在不匹配。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)不匹配時，你要做的是清除緩沖區(qū)。這需要引起注意。因此，Sirois說，學(xué)習(xí)本質(zhì)上是解決不匹配的艱苦工作。“問題是，你可以用這個叫做大腦的濕黏東西做很多事情。這是一個奇妙的、統(tǒng)計式的學(xué)習(xí)機器?？荚嚱Y(jié)束了，丹尼爾拿起一只塑料老虎，若有所思地咀嚼著它的熱量，微笑著表示同意。

{版本2}

Passage One

新舊題：舊

題材：植物

題目：Forgotten Forests

文章大意：山火在保護longleaf森林中所扮演的重要角色。Today, fire is used as a significant management tool for protecting both longleaf and its wildlife.

題型：筆記填空題5;流程圖填空題4;判斷題T/F/NG 4

答案回憶：

Note填空1-5

Native Americans and settlers

有一題答案是native Americans

Flow-chart 填空6-9

Red Woodpecker 和calcium

題干大意為calcium最先被儲存在什么里。有fire后，被轉(zhuǎn)移到了soil中，又到了longleaf樹上，被woodpecker吸收，最后到了eggs里。

判斷題T/F/NG 10-13

某一題的題干大意為sparse distribution有助于biodiversity多樣化。題目集中出現(xiàn)在原文靠前的段落(大概是第二段)

(答案僅供參考)

參考文章：C10T4P1: Wildfires in California

Passage Two

新舊題：舊題

題材：科技

題目：Mechanical computing

文章大意：The need of XXX computing bagan after the death of Isaac Newton in 1727.

題型：段落信息匹配題4;表格填空題6;簡答題3

答案回憶：

段落信息匹配IC題14-17

題干：a mention of setback and disputes

選擇了第二頁比較長的那一段。

題干：a mention of professions who need XXX computing.

選擇A段(提到了具體的職業(yè))

題干：主角轉(zhuǎn)向了新的領(lǐng)域

選擇靠后的一段(講了主角促進交通安全，給火車上裝黑匣子，給潛水艇裝某種裝備)

表格填空題18-23

a comparison between two machines invented by a scientist 對比一個科學(xué)家發(fā)明的兩個機器

簡答題24-26(字數(shù)要求為;NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS)

24.待補充

25.待補充

26.black box recorder

(答案僅供參考)

參考文章：待補充

Passage Three

新舊題：舊題

題材：心理學(xué)

題目：What do babies know?

文章大意：Are babies born with the ability to know the world or is it something that they learn? 嬰兒們了解世界的能力是與生俱來的還是后天習(xí)得的?

第一段：一個9個月嬰兒Daniel被獨自留在電腦前，通過看媽媽的反應(yīng)，自己能給出一些情緒上的反饋。媽媽皺眉頭，他也會擔(dān)心，媽媽寬慰他，他就放松了。

后邊再次提到這個孩子，讓這個孩子看屏幕上的火車，火車從隧道一邊進去，從另一邊出來。通過改變火車的顏色，利用屏幕后的眼動實驗裝置，檢測這個嬰兒的注意力。如果火車進隧道前是一個顏色，從隧道出來是另一個顏色，這個嬰兒的注意力就會被吸引。

引用PLAGET的觀點：嬰兒出生時并沒有了解世界的能力，是通過后天的experience而習(xí)得了解世界的能力。

后來一些cognitive的學(xué)者們提出了相反的觀點。

但是SS和Piaget觀點是一樣的，嬰兒沒有認知能力。

原文通過列出Piaget和SS的觀點，同時也說SS傾向于Piagetion。在文章第二頁左上角有一句話，是SS的原話：“Babies knows nothing."

題型：判斷題Y/N/NG 6;句首句尾配對5;單選題3

答案回憶：

判斷題Y/N/NG 27-32

整體難度不高

有一道比較靠后的判斷題，題干說SS和Piaget的觀點一樣，答案為YES

句首句尾配對33-37

整體難度較高

兩道題目中有人名Piaget

中間一題沒有人名

后兩個有人名SS

單選題38-40

整體難度不高

38.題出自第三段

39.題出自第四段

40.題出自第六段

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