留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)獨(dú)家發(fā)布!雅思閱讀(學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi))模擬題精講!（四）

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READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

The Triune (three-in-one) Brain

The first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities. The reptilian cortex also houses the “startle centre”, a mechanism that facilitates swift reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating, and territorial defence. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs.

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Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the well-being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks. When we are with others of “our kind” – be it at soccer practice, church, school or a nightclub – we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and encourages us to seek companionship.

Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalise and debate finer points of morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain – the neocortex –which engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember simple lessons), humans can think about the “big picture”. We can string together simple lessons (for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena (such as the laws of gravity and a concern for human rights).

The neocortex is also responsible for the process by which we decide on and commit to particular courses of action. Strung together over time, these choices can accumulate into feats of progress unknown to other animals. Anticipating a better grade on the following morning’s exam, a student can ignore the limbic urge to socialise and go to sleep early instead. Over three years, this ongoing sacrifice translates into a first class degree and a scholarship to graduate school; over a lifetime,it can mean ground-breaking contributions to human knowledge and development. The ability to sacrifice our drive for immediate satisfaction in order to benefit later is a product of the neocortex.

Understanding the triune brain can help us appreciate the different natures of brain damage and psychological disorders. The most devastating form of brain damage, for example, is a condition in which someone is understood to be brain dead. In this state a person appears merely unconscious – sleeping, perhaps – but this is illusory. Here, the reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes.

Disturbances to the limbic cortex are registered in a different manner. Pups with limbic damage can move around and feed themselves well enough but do not register the presence of their littermates. Scientists have observed how, after a limbic lobotomy (surgical cutting of brain nerves) “one impaired monkey stepped on his outraged peers as if treading on a log or a rock”. In our own species, limbic damage is closely related to sociopathic behaviour. Sociopaths in possession of fully-functioning neocortexes are often shrewd and emotionally intelligent people but lack any ability to relate to, empathise with or express concern for others.

One of the neurological wonders of history occurred when a railway worker named Phineas Gage survived an incident during which a metal rod skewered his skull, taking a considerable amount of his neocortex with it. Though Gage continued to live and work as before, his fellow employees observed a shift in the equilibrium of his personality. Gage’s animal propensities were now sharply pronounced while his intellectual abilities suffered; garrulous or obscene jokes replaced his once quick wit. New findings suggest, however, that Gage managed to soften these abrupt changes over time and rediscover an appropriate social manner. This would indicate that reparative therapy has the potential to help patients with advanced brain trauma to gain an improved quality of life.

Questions 14–22

Classify the following as typical of

A the reptilian cortex

B the limbic cortex

C the neocortex

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14–22 on your answer sheet.

14 giving up short-term happiness for future gains 

15 maintaining the bodily functions necessary for life  

16 experiencing the pain of losing another  

17 forming communities and social groups  

18 making a decision and carrying it out    

19 guarding areas of land   

20 developing explanations for things     

21 looking after one’s young     

22 responding quickly to sudden movement and nois

Answers：

14. C

15. A

16. B

17. B

18. C

19. A

20. C

21. B

22. A

解析：

本文講述了大腦的三個(gè)區(qū)域the reptilian cortex、the limbic cortex以及he neocortex的工作原理及作用，14-22題列出的是一些行為動(dòng)作，要求根據(jù)原文描述來(lái)判斷這一行為是受大腦的哪個(gè)區(qū)域所控制。

原文第一段描述the reptilian cortex，（This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities.）這句話(huà)是說(shuō)大腦的這個(gè)區(qū)域是來(lái)維持呼吸、充足的休息以及心跳等身體活動(dòng)的，不需要持續(xù)對(duì)這些活動(dòng)進(jìn)行思考。顧名思義，就是說(shuō)the reptilian cortex是來(lái)維持一些日常生理活動(dòng)的。后面描述了the reptilian cortex幫助對(duì)突發(fā)情況進(jìn)行快速反應(yīng)以及對(duì)aggression, mating, and territorial defence作出反應(yīng)。所以，15、19和22題選擇A選項(xiàng)。

第二段描述the limbic cortex，（the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby.）這句話(huà)是說(shuō)the limbic cortex使生物養(yǎng)育自己的后代，孩子對(duì)父母有親近之感，后文（These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks.）是說(shuō)該大腦區(qū)域還刺激生物尋求社會(huì)關(guān)系和親屬關(guān)系。因此，16、17和21題選B選項(xiàng)。

第三、四段描述the neocortex，（Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes.）是說(shuō)the neocortex是人腦特有的區(qū)域，使人區(qū)別于動(dòng)物。后文主要描述the neocortex是人具有思維。所以，14、18和20題是通過(guò)思考才能完成的行為，選C選項(xiàng)。

Questions 23–26

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 23–26 on your answer sheet.

23 A person with only a functioning reptilian cortex is known as ………………….

24 ………………… in humans is associated with limbic disruption.

25 An industrial accident caused Phineas Gage to lose part of his ………………….

26 After his accident, co-workers noticed an imbalance between Gage’s

………………… and higher-order thinking.

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Answers:

23. brain dead：見(jiàn)原文倒數(shù)第三段。

24. sociopathic behaviour：原文倒數(shù)第二段。

25. neocortex：見(jiàn)原文最后一段。

26. animal propensities：見(jiàn)原文最后一段。

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