2019年1月5日托?？荚囬喿x預測機經(jīng)（版本合集?。?/h1>

• 時間：2019-01-03

• 來源：留學監(jiān)理網(wǎng)

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各位戰(zhàn)托寶寶們，新的一年來臨啦！本周六將迎來新年的第一場托?？荚?/a>，大家是否已經(jīng)做好在新年伊始和托福說“分手”的準備了呢？小編為大家整理了有關本場考試的預測機經(jīng)，臨考前來緩解一下緊張的心情吧！以下是本場考試閱讀預測機經(jīng)。

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1.Coba’n滅亡的第一個原因是統(tǒng)治者無能。Coban城市是Mayan地區(qū)的城市，曾經(jīng)非常繁榮，統(tǒng)治者認為自己功德無量高枕無憂，結果社會突然出了動亂，統(tǒng)治者無能，無法提出有效的措施，反而一個勁地做無用的儀式；滅亡的第二個原因是一條商業(yè)通路被毀掉了，這條路為Coban帶來了很多財富，毀掉之后城市就衰敗了；第三個原因是干旱。雖然沒有切實的證據(jù)來證明這個原因的可靠，但是因為滅亡時間和干旱開始的年份一樣，所以推測干旱可能也是原因。

2.說公認的造成地球有氣候周期，比如ice age的是地球什么axis tilt的角度還有什么rotation之類的，但是在過去幾個billion年中，地球氣候在變暖，這期間還是出現(xiàn)了幾次ice age，所以除了上面的原因應該還有其他原因造成ice age。然后提到了某個P時期，那時候所有大陸都連在一起，在靠近赤道的位置，一部分比如說澳洲非洲等的大陸一直延伸到了polars，阻礙了那邊water circulation，所以water不能夠起到調(diào)節(jié)temperature的作用，這是P時期產(chǎn)生ice age的原因。又說到了另一個時期，忘記名字了，那個時期由于下雨，導致大氣層中二氧化碳氣體都被沖走了，所以產(chǎn)生了那個時期的ice age。之后由于海底volcano的噴發(fā)導致二氧化碳氣體濃度變高氣候又變暖了。再講道sun activity可能對ice age也有影響，size of sun spots還有corona的厚度什么都可能影響ice age，但這種影響的程度還不確定。例子是最近一次small ice age，在這段時間歐洲很冷，地球變成了ice ball還是啥的，同時又發(fā)現(xiàn)在這期間正好太陽活動很少，幾乎沒怎么觀測到太陽活動。

3.關于Silver Tea Pot，第一段說什么revolution之前的需求都是小首飾啊鞋扣啥的，之后需求變?yōu)閒ull set的茶壺，還說到什么風格。還能在上面刻名字防止被偷，第三段說銀器可以用來抵償組建軍隊的債務又可以是身份的象征，第四段說negative的方面。

4.科學家研究在西伯利亞的人是怎么遷徙到美洲的，認為是從ice age的白令海峽去到南阿拉斯加的，但是對于怎么從北美到南美有兩種看法，一種是路上過去，經(jīng)過大平原和落基山脈；另一種是從當時結冰的西海岸過去，提到一個例子一個山洞里發(fā)現(xiàn)了以海中生物為食物的人類殘骸。

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Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century

19世紀美國的城市發(fā)展

?P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the population lives in P cities, developed only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. In the United States, early New England towns, formally disposed along wide elm-lined central roadways or commons, exhibit a conscious planning. In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term "urban planning", as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were "planned” in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most “planned" in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land.

城市化社會是十九世紀和二十世紀才發(fā)展起來的，其中很大一部分人口生活在城市里。自1800年以來，整個世界的城市化進程迅速發(fā)展，但還沒有達到頂峰。在美國，早期的新英格蘭城鎮(zhèn)，沿著寬闊的榆樹林蔭道或公地正式布置，展現(xiàn)出有意識的規(guī)劃。在討論在美國城市的發(fā)展在19世紀,一個不能使用術語“城市規(guī)劃”,因為它表明現(xiàn)代問題空間和服務組織,在大多數(shù)情況下,不存在計劃革命前稱為城市美麗的運動,開始于1890年代。當然，在那個日期之前，也有一些城市地區(qū)是“計劃好的”，尤其是華盛頓特區(qū)這些都是例外。在19世紀，大多數(shù)“規(guī)劃”都局限于比城市小得多的地區(qū)，而且與試圖從一塊土地上獲利的開發(fā)商關系密切。

?P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside. Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. People no longer had to live within walking distance their jobs. Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant transportation system improvements and increased ridership.

十九世紀有三種力量特別影響城市和郊區(qū)的結構:經(jīng)濟、交通技術和人口統(tǒng)計。除此之外，還有美國人特有的獨立生活的偏好，包括在城市邊緣或鄉(xiāng)村的大片土地上建造住宅，為自己建造獨立的社區(qū)。19世紀工業(yè)革命帶來的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展改變了城市生活，使人們對提高生活水平有了更高的期望。就業(yè)崗位的增加，以及交通和住房建設方面的技術創(chuàng)新，鼓勵了向城市的移民。人們不再需要在步行距離內(nèi)工作。隨著交通系統(tǒng)的不斷改進和客流量的增加，進城上班變得更容易、更便宜。

?P3: Demographic patterns also accounted for the urbanization. Urban populations grew steadily due to rural immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories and emigration from around the globe. As the 19th century drew to a close, the rapid development of cities served as both a uniting and dividing factor in American social, economic, and political life. Cities attracted a rich cross-section of the world's population, creating a various, metropolitan atmosphere. At the same time, cities forced people from entirely different backgrounds to live and work together in close proximity for the first time, which contributed to diverse urban problems.

人口結構模式也是城市化的原因之一。由于農(nóng)村移民被吸引到廉價住房，以及在城市中心或附近、工廠附近工作的前景，以及來自全球各地的移民，城市人口穩(wěn)步增長。隨著19世紀的結束，城市的快速發(fā)展成為美國社會、經(jīng)濟和政治生活中一個團結和分裂的因素。城市吸引了世界各地眾多的人口，創(chuàng)造了一個多樣化的大都市氛圍。與此同時，城市迫使背景完全不同的人們第一次近距離的生活和工作在一起，這導致了城市問題的多樣性。

?P4: Many nineteenth-century urban problems continue to plague cities today, especially those associated with sanitation and mega-fires resulted from lack of planning and regulation. The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated. Sanitary sewers at that time failed to stop the spread of typhoid, increased its infection rates downstream of sewer outlets, and the miasmatic gasses they were designed to mitigate turned out to not exist. It was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal, which caused water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects. During the 19th century, the United States was afflicted with many urban conflagrations and wildfires as tactical firefighting and prevention practices were underdeveloped. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present.

19世紀的許多城市問題仍然困擾著今天的城市，特別是那些由于缺乏規(guī)劃和管理而導致的衛(wèi)生和特大火災。城市的發(fā)展速度超過了地方政府向貧困地區(qū)推廣凈水、垃圾收集和污水處理系統(tǒng)的能力，因此城市的條件惡化。當時的衛(wèi)生下水道沒能阻止傷寒的傳播，反而增加了傷寒在下水道出口下游的感染率，原本用來緩解傷寒的瘴氣最終被證明是不存在的。直到19世紀60年代，才有任何認真的、協(xié)調(diào)一致的努力來發(fā)展適當?shù)墓┧臀鬯幚硐到y(tǒng)，這造成了水污染和嚙齒動物和昆蟲傳播疾病。在19世紀，由于戰(zhàn)術消防和預防措施不發(fā)達，美國飽受城市大火和野火之苦。用可燃材料建造，再加上建筑物的密閉布置，以及在取暖、做飯和照明中使用明火，意味著隨時可能發(fā)生熊熊大火。

? P5: Cities in the late 19th century were large, compacted, and impersonal places devoted to making money. Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers. High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of abrupt economic growth.

19世紀晚期的城市是大型的、緊湊的、沒有人情味的、專門用來賺錢的地方。通常情況下，開發(fā)既沒有計劃也沒有限制，土地所有者只能根據(jù)他們在市場上的個人需求來選擇地段大小、服務和街道布局。不足為奇的是，腐敗在市政府和城市服務、建筑行業(yè)、房東和雇主中猖獗。高租金、低工資和糟糕的服務在經(jīng)濟突然增長的過程中造成了痛苦。

題目：

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

下面哪個句子最能表達文章中突出顯示的句子的基本信息?錯誤的選擇以重要的方式改變了意義，或者遺漏了重要的信息。

A. Understanding the growth of cities in nineteenth-century America requires recognizing how the City Beautiful Movement of the 1890s changed "urban planning.

B. For the most part, there was no "urban planning,” as that term is understood today, before the beginning of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s.

C. Concerns for spatial and service organization had little impact on the growth of cities before the 1890s when the City Beautiful Movement began.

D. The growth of cities in nineteenth-century America resulted in the creation of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s and the rise of the term “urban planning.”

2. According to paragraph 1, Washington, D.C. was

根據(jù)第1段，華盛頓特區(qū)是

A. A a typical nineteenth-century American city

B. B a city that was planned in separate sections by land developers

C. C the very first city in America to be described as “planned”

D. D one of the few cases of true urban planning in America before the 1890s

3. Select the TWO answer choices that, according to the paragraph 1, best describe most urban plans in the nineteenth century. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

根據(jù)第1段，選擇最能描述19世紀大多數(shù)城市規(guī)劃的兩個選項。要獲得得分，你必須選擇兩個答案。

A. They were created to profit land developers.

B. They typically affected only part of a city rather than the whole city.

C. Their success sometimes directly led to other necessary improvements in cities.

D. They were carefully reviewed by city governments.

4. In paragraph 2, the author mentions the characteristic American preference for independent living to

在第二段中，作者提到了美國人獨立生活的特點

A. identify one of the factors that affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in America in the nineteenth century

B. explain which of the three forces mentioned—economics, transportation technology, and demographics—was the most important in shaping American cities and suburbs

C. explain how decisions were made in American nineteenth-century cities and suburbs about locations for businesses and factories

D. provide evidence showing that industrial growth was able to generate higher incomes for much of the population in nineteenth-century cities and suburbs in America

5. According to paragraph 2, what is one reason that transportation costs in American cities decreased during the nineteenth century?

根據(jù)第2段，美國城市的交通成本在19世紀下降的一個原因是什么?

A. The number of people using transportation increased.

B. The cost of energy such as electricity decreased.

C. Commuters and shoppers began living closer to their destinations.

D. Transportation suppliers had to compete for riders.

6. The word “steadily” in the passage is closest in meaning to

文章中“穩(wěn)步”一詞的意思最接近于

A. significantly

B. rapidly

C. continuously

D. unevenly

7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about changes in the demographics of cities during the nineteenth century?

關于19世紀城市人口結構的變化，從第3段可以推斷出下列哪項?

A. The reason most people left the city was to take jobs in the country.

B. The middle class population increased.

C. The population became more ethnically diverse.

D. The working class population tended to live in the oldest housing.

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