2018年12月8日托?？荚囬喿x預測機經（版本合集?。?/h1>

• 時間：2021-07-30

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各位戰(zhàn)托寶寶們，本周六的托?？荚?/a>你是否已經準備好了？臨考前閱讀一下有關本場考試的預測機經，緩解一下緊張的心情吧！以下是本場考試閱讀預測機經。

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1走路比游泳省力，先說動物里游泳的，魚和鴨子，鴨子遇到的wave什么的更大，阻力大，魚在水下，阻力小。鳥因為要支撐自己，魚在水里就不用，所以飛行也耗力。走路因為涉及加速減速，這個過程就最耗力。騎單車的時候的動作就導致需要消耗和跑步一樣的力。

2 New Europeans Settle on America

內容回憶：因為開墾森林的成本比較高，歐洲人利用當地已開墾過的森林。但是因為人口不斷增加，資源不再滿足人口的需求，他們只能開始自己砍伐森林，砍伐森林有兩種方式，直接砍伐和使樹枝脫落。后來，農民們發(fā)現后面一種方法需要很多肥料，農民們燃燒樹枝制作草木灰維持養(yǎng)料的需求。農民們還采用了美洲人的方式，幾種作物同時生長，互相起促進作用。

3 songbird的migration減少，首先是某人發(fā)現了這個現象，在60s-80s migration減少50%，然后就有人認為這不是個general的現象，但是接著就根據unusual distribution 發(fā)現是general，因為森林碎片化引起了ecosystem change，所以migration減少。

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4教猩猩交流

想要知道動物能不能和人一樣交流，有兩種方法：

一、學習動物的交流方式；

二、教動物sign language做交流(發(fā)聲系統(tǒng)不一樣，所以不能是vocal)。提到了馬的反例(訓練的人偷偷給暗示，眨眼之類的)，所以做實驗，錄下來，大家都不知道是什么，讓猩猩去選，猩猩都選出來了。還有個小猩猩的玩具掉了，他指掉的地方選open, trainer就猜出來了，撿回來toy，而這些之前都沒有教過，是新的。

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Environmental Impact of the Anasazi

P1: A major question in the archaeology of the southwestern region of the United States is why so many impressive settlements, and even entire regions, were abandoned in prehistoric times. Archaeologist Tim Kohler has suggested that the nature of human-environmental interaction was an important reason in the case of the Anasazi people. The actual case study that Kohler relies on is from the Dolores River basin of southwest Colorado, where the Anasazi seem to have moved in about A.D. 600. Over the following couple of centuries, the population increased, and they aggregated (or gathered) into villages, but by about A.D. 900 the area began to be abandoned. Other archaeologists have identified the immediate cause of this abandonment to be a series of short growing seasons that would have put pressure on corn production at that high an altitude. Kohler, however, assets that a growing population led to human-environmental interactions that caused people to live in villages, intensify agrarian food production, deforest the region, deplete the local soils, and ultimately abandon the area.

美國西南部地區(qū)的考古學家面臨的一個主要問題是：為什么在史前時代有那么多令人印象深刻的移民點，甚至整個地區(qū)都被遺棄了呢?考古學家蒂姆·科勒(Tim Kohler)認為，人類與環(huán)境相互作用的本質是阿納薩奇人滅絕的一個重要原因?？评账蕾嚨膶嶋H案例研究來自科羅拉多州西南部的多洛雷斯河流域，阿納薩奇人似乎在公元600年左右遷居于此。在接下來的幾個世紀里，人口不斷增加，他們聚集(或聚集)到村莊里，但到了公元900年左右，這個地區(qū)開始被遺棄。其他考古學家認為，造成這種廢棄的直接原因是一系列的短生長期，這些生長期可能會對如此高海拔地區(qū)的玉米生產造成壓力。然而，科勒的資產，人口增長導致了人類與環(huán)境的相互作用，導致人們生活在村莊，加強農業(yè)糧食生產，砍伐森林，耗盡當地土壤，最終放棄該地區(qū)。

P2: Kohler uses several kinds of evidence to show that human effects, not solely climatic factors, were important factors in the abandonment of settlements. One key indicator of change in the environment surrounding these prehistoric settlements is the wood that was used there. Archaeological study of wood charcoal found in hearths dating to the various episodes of occupation indicated that the species use changed in a patterned way. Over time there was a decline in the use of juniper and pinon (native, slow-growing species of trees) and an increase in woody shrubs and fast-growing cottonwood. The species of wood used in the construction of buildings also changed. Fewer pinon were being used, and those that were used seem to be from increasingly old trees, while juniper continued to be from young trees. The implication is that the forest that did remain was changing to relatively more junipers, a tree that is more fire resistant, better able to reproduce in open settings, and less desirable for construction than pinon. Kohler argues that pinon was disappearing from the locale of settlements and that this put an additional nutritional strain on the population, which used nuts from the tree as well as its wood. The relative proportion of different species of animals hunted by people in the region also changed progressively. A final source of evidence was the seeds found in the archaeological deposits, which had blown or been brought to the settlement. As time went on, there was a substantial increase in seeds from pioneer plants, attesting both to agricultural intensification and to an increasingly disturbed local environment.

科勒用幾類證據表明，人類影響，不僅僅是氣候因素，是放棄定居點的重要因素。這些史前定居點周圍環(huán)境變化的一個關鍵指標是那里使用的木材?？脊艑W家對壁爐中發(fā)現的木炭進行了研究，這些木炭的年代可以追溯到不同的職業(yè)時期，研究結果表明，木炭的使用方式以一種模仿性的方式發(fā)生了變化。隨著時間的推移，杜松(本地生長緩慢的樹種)和松(pinon)的使用量下降，而木本灌木和快速生長的白楊的使用量增加。用于建筑的木材種類也發(fā)生了變化。使用的松木越來越少，而使用的松木似乎越來越老，而杜松仍然來自年輕的樹木。這就意味著，留存下來的森林正在向相對較多的杜松轉變。杜松是一種抗火能力更強、在開闊環(huán)境中繁殖能力更強、比松更不適合建筑的樹種?？评照J為，pinon正在從定居點消失，這給當地居民帶來了額外的營養(yǎng)壓力，因為他們不僅使用木材，還使用樹上的堅果。該地區(qū)人類獵殺的不同種類動物的相對比例也在逐步變化。最后的證據來源是在考古沉淀物中發(fā)現的種子，這些沉淀物要么被吹散，要么被帶到定居點。隨著時間的推移，先鋒植物的種子大量增加，這證明了農業(yè)集約化和日益不安的當地環(huán)境。

P3: This evidence has convinced Kohler of the importance of human impact in degrading the local environment. His interpretation of the situation is that by about A.D. 840, people had aggregated into villages in favorable settings because of their competitive organizational advantages over smaller units in the face of growing population and depletion of local wild resources. Hence, the very nature of the initial slash-and-burn agriculture encouraged a further dependence on agriculture and the aggregation of people into denser settlements. However, there are costs to aggregation, such as the increasing distance to usable fields, the heavier pressure on local soils, and the accompanying increase in agricultural risk. The Anasazi responded to this by further intensification, such as water-control mechanisms, to feed the increasing population. Such a trajectory is fraught with risks, but it is also pushed forward by advantages it bestows on its participants who organize and cooperate. Advantages might include sharing food across groups in a village, investment in facilities to improve the processing and storage of food, and cooperative labor pools and social groupings larger than villages, which would enable organized long-distance hunts and participation in trading networks. Larger and larger villages became possible, but this also made the system vulnerable to collapse. A reliance on the management of resources through cooperative action reduced their flexibility of action, so that when poor seasons occurred, people were seriously hurt. Thus an expectable aberration in the climatic regime may have been enough to cause the collapse of the village system in the Dolores area.

這一證據使科勒相信人類影響對當地環(huán)境退化的重要性。他對這種情況的解釋是，到公元840年左右，面對人口增長和當地野生資源的枯竭，人們聚集到環(huán)境有利的村莊，因為相對于較小的單位，這些村莊具有競爭性的組織優(yōu)勢。因此，最初刀耕火種農業(yè)的性質鼓勵了對農業(yè)的進一步依賴和人口聚集到更密集的定居點。然而，集合體也有成本，例如到可用農田的距離越來越遠，對當地土壤的壓力越來越大，以及隨之而來的農業(yè)風險增加。阿納薩奇人對此的反應是進一步加強，例如水控制機制，以養(yǎng)活不斷增加的人口。這樣的軌道充滿了風險，但它也被賦予組織和合作參與者的優(yōu)勢所推動。優(yōu)勢可能包括在一個村莊的不同群體之間分享食物，投資改善食品加工和儲存設施，以及合作勞動力池和比村莊更大的社會群體，這將使有組織的長途狩獵和參與貿易網絡成為可能。越來越大的村莊成為可能，但這也使得該系統(tǒng)容易崩潰。通過合作行動對資源管理的依賴降低了他們行動的靈活性，因此，當淡季發(fā)生時，人們會受到嚴重傷害。因此，氣候狀況的預期偏差可能足以導致多洛雷斯地區(qū)村莊系統(tǒng)的崩潰。

題目：

1. The word “ultimately” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. quietly

B. gradually

C. eventually

D. simply

2. According to paragraph 1, other archaeologists differ from Tim Kohler in giving which of the following as the reason for the abandonment of settlements by the Anasazi?

A. The nature of human interaction with the environment

B. A large increase in population over a short period of time

C. The way in which people gathered together in villages

D. A limited production of corn due to one short growing season after another Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [e]

3. According to paragraph 1, Kohler views all of the following as changes that occurred as a result of increased population growth EXCEPT

A. the organization of the people into villages

B. the improvement of local soils

C. increased food production

D. a decrease in the number of trees in the area

4. The word “substantial” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. gradual

B. appropriate

C. apparent

D. significant

5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as changes over time in the pattern of wood use in prehistoric settlements EXCEPT:

A. Cottonwood was increasingly used in hearths.

B. Fewer pinon trees were used in building construction.

C. Juniper wood was increasingly used in hearths.

D. The pinon wood used in construction came increasingly from older trees.

6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that juniper

A. is less valuable nutritionally than pinon is

B. is easily destroyed by fire

C. produces fewer seeds per plant than pinon does

D. reproduces easily in the presence of pinon

Wind pollination

1 Pollen, a powdery substance, which is produced by flowering plants and contains male reproductive cells, is usually carried from plant to plant by insects or birds, but some plants rely on the wind to carry their pollen. Wind pollination is often seen as being primitive and wasteful in costly pollen and yet it is surprisingly common, especially in higher latitudes. Wind is very good at moving pollen a long way; pollen can be blown for hundreds of kilometers, and only birds can get pollen anywhere near as far. The drawback is that wind is obviously unspecific as to where it takes the pollen. It is like trying to get a letter to a friend at the other end of the village by climbing onto the roof and throwing an armful of letters into the air and hoping that one will end up in the friend’s garden. For the relatively few dominant tree species that make up temperate forests, where there are many individuals of the same species within pollen range, this is quite a safe gamble. If a number of people in the village were throwing letters off roofs, your friend would be bound to get one. By contrast, in the tropics, where each tree species has few, widely scattered individuals, the chance of wind blowing pollen to another individual is sufficiently slim that animals area safer bet as transporters of pollen. Even tall trees in the tropics are usually not wind pollinated despite being in windy conditions. In a similar way, trees in temperate forests that are insect pollinated tend to grow as solitary, widely spread individuals.

花粉是一種粉狀物質，由開花植物產生，含有雄性生殖細胞，通常由昆蟲或鳥類從一株植物傳播到另一株植物，但有些植物依靠風來傳播花粉。風授粉通常被認為是原始和浪費昂貴的花粉，但令人驚訝的是，它是普遍的，特別是在高緯度地區(qū)。風很擅長把花粉吹到很遠的地方;花粉可以被吹到幾百公里以外的地方，只有鳥類才能把花粉帶到盡可能遠的地方。它的缺點是，風攜帶花粉的地方顯然是不明確的。這就像試圖爬上屋頂，把滿滿一抱信扔向空中，然后寄給住在村子另一頭的朋友，希望有一封信能落在朋友的花園里。對于構成溫帶森林的相對較少的優(yōu)勢樹種來說，這是一個相當安全的賭博。在溫帶森林中，同一樹種的許多個體都在花粉范圍之內。如果村里有許多人把信從屋頂上扔下來，你的朋友一定會收到的。相比之下，在熱帶地區(qū)，每一種樹的個體數量少、分布廣泛，風把花粉吹到另一個體身上的幾率非常小，因此動物更愿意把花粉作為更安全的運輸工具。即使是熱帶的高大樹木，盡管處于有風的環(huán)境，通常也不會被風授粉。與此類似，溫帶森林中昆蟲授粉的樹木傾向于單獨生長，廣泛分布。

2 Since wind-pollinated flowers have no need to attract insects or other animals, they have dispensed with bright petals, nectar, and scent. These are at best a waste and at worst an impediment to the transfer of pollen in the air. The result is insignificant-looking flowers and catkins (dense cylindrical clusters of small, petalless flowers).

由于風媒傳粉的花不需要吸引昆蟲或其他動物，它們就不需要花瓣、花蜜和氣味。這充其量是一種浪費，最壞的情況下也會阻礙花粉在空氣中的傳播。結果是看起來不起眼的花朵和柳絮(密集的圓柱形小花瓣簇)。

3 Wind pollination does, of course, require a lot of pollen. ■ Birch and hazel trees can produce5.5 and 4 million grains per catkin, respectively. ■There are various adaptations to help as much of the pollen go as far as possible. ■Most deciduous wind-pollinated trees (which shed their leaves every fall) produce their pollen in the spring while the branches are bare of leaves to reduce the surrounding surfaces that “compete” with the stigmas (the part of the flower that receives the pollen) for pollen. ■ Evergreen conifers, which do not shed their leaves, have less to gain from spring flowering, and, indeed, some flower in the autumn or winter.

當然，風授粉需要大量的花粉?！鰳鍢浜烷粯淇梢詐roduce5.5和400萬粒/柔荑花序,分別?！鲇懈鞣N適應幫助盡可能多的花粉盡可能?！龆鄶德淙~樹木風媒傳粉(每年秋天里落葉)產生花粉在春天,樹枝光禿禿的樹減少周圍的表面,“競爭”的污名(接收花粉的花的一部分)的花粉?！龀＞G針葉樹,不擺脫了葉子,有從春天開花,獲利減少,事實上,一些花在秋天或冬天。

4 Pollen produced higher in the top branches is likely to go farther, it is windier (and gustier) and the pollen can be blown farther before hitting the ground. Moreover, dangling catkins like hazel hold the pollen in until the wind is strong enough to ben them, ensuring that pollen is only shed into the air when the wind is blowing hard. Weather is also important. Pollen is shed primarily when the air is dry to prevent too much sticking to wet surfaces or being knocked out of the air by rain. Despite these adaptations, much of the pollen fails to leave the top branches, and only between 0.5 percent and 40 percent gets more than 100 meters away from the parent. But once this far, significant quantities can go a kilometer or more. Indeed, pollen can travel many thousands of kilometers at high altitudes. Since all this pollen is floating around in the air, it is no wonder that wind-pollinated trees are a major source of allergies.

頂枝產生的花粉可能飛得更遠，它的風更大(也更有活力)，而且花粉在落地之前可以被吹得更遠。此外，像榛子一樣懸掛的柳絮可以將花粉保持在空氣中，直到風力足夠大到可以將花粉吹散為止，確?；ǚ壑挥性陲L大的時候才會被釋放到空氣中。天氣也很重要?；ǚ壑饕诳諝飧稍飼r脫落，以防止過多的花粉粘在潮濕的表面或被雨水從空氣中帶走。盡管有這些適應性，許多花粉還是無法離開頂端的樹枝，只有0.5%到40%的花粉能夠離開母體100米以上。但是一旦達到這個高度，相當數量的水就可以流到一公里甚至更遠。事實上，花粉在高海拔地區(qū)可以傳播數千公里。由于所有這些花粉都漂浮在空氣中，因此風媒傳粉的樹木成為過敏的主要來源也就不足為奇了。

5 Once the pollen has been snatched by the wind, but not everything is left to chance. Wind borne pollen is dry, rounded, smooth, and generally smaller than that of insect-pollinated plants. But size is a two-edged sword. Small grains may be blown farther but they are also more prone to be whisked past the waiting stigma because smaller particles tend to stay trapped in the fast-moving air that flows around the stigma. But stigmas create turbulence, which slows the air speed around them and may help pollen stick to them.

花粉一旦被風帶走，并非一切都是偶然的。風媒花粉干燥、圓潤、光滑，一般比昆蟲授粉的植物小。但規(guī)模是一把雙刃劍。小顆?？赡鼙淮档酶h，但它們也更容易被吹過等待的柱頭，因為較小的顆粒往往停留在圍繞柱頭流動的快速空氣中。但柱頭會產生湍流，從而減慢周圍的空氣速度，并可能幫助花粉粘在柱頭上。

題目：

1. The word “drawback” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. other side of the issue

B. objection

C. concern

D. problem

2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about pollen production?

A. Pollen production requires a significant investment of energy and resources on the part of the plant.

B. The capacity to produce pollen in large quantities is a recent development in the evolutionary history of plants.

C. Plants in the tropics generally produce more pollen than those in temperate zones.

D. The highest levels of pollen production are found in plants that depend on insects or birds to carry their pollen.

3. According to paragraph 1, wind-pollinated trees are most likely to be found

A. in temperate forests

B. at lower latitudes

C. in the tropics

D. surrounded by trees of many different species

4. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following as the reason animals are a safer bet than wind as pollinators when the individual trees of a species are widely separated?

A. Animals tend to carry pollen from a given flower further than the wind does.

B. Animals serve as pollinators even where there is little wind to disperse the pollen.

C. An animal that visits a flower is likely to deliberately visit other flowers of the same species and pollinate them.

D. Birds and insects fly in all directions, not just the direction the wind is blowing at a given moment.

5. In paragraph 1, the author compares pollen moved by wind with letters thrown off roofs in order to

A. explain why there are relatively few species of trees that depend on wind pollination

B. compare natural, biological processes with human social practices

C. make a point about the probability of wind-blown pollen reaching a tree of the same species

D. argue against the common assumption that the tallest trees are the most likely to employ wind pollination

6. Paragraph 2 suggests that wind-pollinated plants do not have bright petals, nectar, and scent for which TWO of the following reasons? To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

A. They interfere with pollination by wind.

B. They are easily damaged by wind.

C. They are unnecessary.

D. They reduce the amount of pollen that can be produced.

7. The word “respectively” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. over time

B. separately

C. in that order

D. consistently

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